Cuando la interacción importa: Randall Collins y el redescubrimiento de la vida cotidiana

¿Puede una teoría sobre la interacción cambiar la forma en que entendemos la intervención social?

¿Por qué algunas experiencias colectivas permanecen con nosotros durante años, mientras otras desaparecen apenas terminan? ¿Qué hace que una fiesta popular, una ceremonia religiosa, una reunión vecinal o incluso un recorrido patrimonial nos hagan sentir parte de algo más grande que nosotros mismos?

Durante mucho tiempo, las ciencias sociales respondieron estas preguntas mirando las características de las personas: sus opiniones, valores, motivaciones o identidades. La atención se concentró en lo que los individuos pensaban. Sin embargo, hace poco más de dos décadas, un sociólogo norteamericano propuso cambiar radicalmente la pregunta.

En lugar de preguntarnos qué piensa la gente, Randall Collins (Profesor de Sociologia de la University of Pennsylvania) propuso observar y teorizar sobre qué ocurre cuando las personas interactúan.

“radical microsociology”.

Su punto de partida parece sencillo, pero tiene consecuencias profundas. La sociedad no se sostiene únicamente por normas, instituciones o estructuras. También se produce continuamente mediante miles de encuentros cotidianos: conversaciones, celebraciones, ceremonias, reuniones, clases, manifestaciones o comidas compartidas. Cuando esas interacciones reúnen ciertas condiciones —copresencia física, un foco común de atención, emociones compartidas y fronteras simbólicas que distinguen a quienes participan— se transforman en lo que Collins denomina cadenas de rituales de interacción.

Estos rituales no son necesariamente religiosos ni solemnes. Una reunión de trabajo, un partido de fútbol, una marcha, una comida familiar o una visita guiada pueden convertirse en rituales exitosos. Lo importante no es el contenido de la actividad, sino la forma en que las personas logran sincronizar su atención y compartir una experiencia.

Cuando ello ocurre, sostiene Collins, se produce un resultado fundamental: energía emocional. No se trata simplemente de alegría o entusiasmo momentáneo, sino de un estado relativamente duradero de confianza, iniciativa, compromiso y disposición para volver a participar. Esa energía hace que algunas experiencias permanezcan vivas mucho después de haber terminado.

Pero la teoría va aún más lejos. Las personas tienden a buscar nuevamente aquellas situaciones que les proporcionaron alta energía emocional y a evitar aquellas que produjeron frustración o indiferencia. Así se forman las cadenas de rituales de interacción: secuencias de experiencias compartidas que van construyendo pertenencia, confianza, identidad colectiva y memoria.

Durante años, esta propuesta fue considerada una de las contribuciones más sugerentes de la microsociología contemporánea. Sin embargo, también recibió una crítica frecuente: era una teoría elegante, pero difícil de «demostrar» o aplicar empíricamente.

Un estudio reciente publicado en Tourism Management por Jiayu Xie y colaboradores constituye uno de los intentos más interesantes por responder ese desafío. Los investigadores estudiaron «Zhiyin», una innovadora experiencia de turismo inmersivo desarrollada en Wuhan (China), donde el público deja de ser un simple espectador para integrarse activamente a la representación.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212571X25000551

El estudio se enfoca en el uso del «Tourism Performing Arts (TPA)» definiendolo como «forms of performing arts that are offered to tourists in tourist destinations, including traditional dance, music, drama, and large-scale live performances».

El diseño de la investigación combinó tres estudios complementarios. Primero, analizaron 2.595 reseñas publicadas por visitantes en plataformas digitales entre el 20 de mayo de 2017 y el 20 de diciembre de 2022 para identificar los conceptos que aparecían con mayor frecuencia. Luego realizaron 16 entrevistas en profundidad con turistas de distintas edades para comprender cómo describían su experiencia. Finalmente aplicaron una encuesta a 585 visitantes, poniendo a prueba estadísticamente el modelo derivado de la teoría de Collins.

Los resultados fueron consistentes. Lo que mejor explicaba el atractivo de la experiencia no era únicamente la calidad del espectáculo, sino la sensación de vivir algo junto a otras personas. La interacción social, la atención compartida y los significados comunes favorecían lo que los autores denominaron sincronía emocional percibida (Perceived emotional synchrony). Esa sincronía fortalecía los recuerdos de la experiencia y aumentaba significativamente la intención de volver.

La conclusión resulta sugerente. No recordamos solamente un lugar. Recordamos la experiencia compartida que vivimos en él.

Quizá aquí exista una lección que trasciende el turismo. Si una teoría sobre los rituales de interacción ayuda a comprender por qué ciertas experiencias colectivas permanecen en la memoria de quienes las viven, ¿podría también ayudarnos a comprender por qué algunas intervenciones sociales logran reconstruir vínculos, mientras otras apenas producen diagnósticos, informes o indicadores?

No tengo todavía una respuesta definitiva. Pero sospecho que esta pregunta merece ser explorada.

Tal vez las intervenciones sociales no fracasan únicamente por falta de recursos, coordinación institucional o buenas metodologías. Quizá también necesitamos comprender con mayor profundidad aquello que sucede cuando las personas se encuentran, conversan, recuerdan y construyen, poco a poco, una historia compartida. Porque es posible que, antes de transformar una comunidad, debamos entender cómo se producen esos pequeños procesos cotidianos que hacen posible la confianza, la pertenencia y la cooperación.

BIBLIOGRAFIA DEL ARTICULO DE XIE 2026.

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